Climate and hydrological changes in the northeastern United States: recent trends and implications for forested and aquatic ecosystems1
نویسندگان
چکیده
We review twentieth century and projected twenty-first century changes in climatic and hydrologic conditions in the northeastern United States and the implications of these changes for forest ecosystems. Climate warming and increases in precipitation and associated changes in snow and hydrologic regimes have been observed over the last century, with the most pronounced changes occurring since 1970. Trends in specific climatic and hydrologic variables differ in their responses spatially (e.g., coastal vs. inland) and temporally (e.g., spring vs. summer). Trends can differ depending on the period of record analyzed, hinting at the role of decadal-scale climatic variation that is superimposed over the longerterm trend. Model predictions indicate that continued increases in temperature and precipitation across the northeastern United States can be expected over the next century. Ongoing increases in growing season length (earlier spring and later autumn) will most likely increase evapotranspiration and frequency of drought. In turn, an increase in the frequency of drought will likely increase the risk of fire and negatively impact forest productivity, maple syrup production, and the intensity of autumn foliage coloration. Climate and hydrologic changes could have profound effects on forest structure, composition, and ecological functioning in response to the changes discussed here and as described in related articles in this issue of the Journal. Résumé : Nous avons passé en revue les changements dans les conditions climatiques et hydrologiques survenues pendant le 20e siècle et projetées au cours du 21e siècle dans le nord-est des États-Unis ainsi que les répercussions de ces changements sur les écosystèmes forestiers. Un réchauffement du climat et une augmentation des précipitations ainsi que des changements dans les régimes nivologique et hydrologique ont été observés pendant le dernier siècle et les changements les plus prononcés sont survenus depuis 1970. Les tendances de variables climatiques et hydrologiques spécifiques diffèrent dans l’espace (p. ex. zone côtière vs intérieur des terres) et dans le temps (p. ex. printemps vs été) dans leur réponse. Les tendances diffèrent selon la période couverte par les données qui sont analysées, un indice du rôle de la variation du climat à une échelle décennale qui se superpose à la tendance à long terme. Les prédictions du modèle indiquent qu’on peut s’attendre à des augmentations continues de la température et des précipitations partout dans la région au cours du prochain siècle. L’allongement en cours de la saison de croissance (printemps qui arrive plus tôt et automne qui arrive plus tard) augmentera l’évapotranspiration et la fréquence des sécheresses. Des sécheresses plus fréquentes vont probablement augmenter les risques d’incendie et avoir un impact négatif sur la productivité de la forêt, la production de sirop d’érable et l’intensité de la coloration automnale du feuillage. Les changements climatiques et hydrologiques pourraient avoir de sérieux effets sur la structure, la composition et le fonctionnement écologique de la forêt en réaction aux changements discutés dans cet article et décrits dans d’autres articles reliés au même sujet et publiés dans ce numéro. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Received 25 January 2008. Accepted 14 August 2008. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at cjfr.nrc.ca on 23 January 2009. T.G. Huntington.2 US Geological Survey, Augusta, ME 04330, USA, and Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575, USA. A.D. Richardson. Complex Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA. K.J. McGuire. Center for the Environment, Plymouth State University and Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, Plymouth, NH 03264, USA. K. Hayhoe. Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA. 1This article is one of a selection of papers from NE Forest 2100: A Synthesis of Climate Change Impacts on Forests of the Northeastern US and Eastern Canada. 2Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). 199 Can. J. For. Res. 39: 199–212 (2009) doi:10.1139/X08-116 Published by NRC Research Press Introduction and overview of climate and hydrology in the region
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